Molecular genetics and genomics of the ABO blood group system

The A and B oligosaccharide antigens of the ABO blood group system are produced from the common precursor, H substance, by enzymatic reactions catalyzed by A and B glycosyltransferases (AT and BT) encoded by functional A and B alleles at the ABO genetic locus, respectively. In 1990, my research team cloned human A, B, and O allelic cDNAs. We then demonstrated this central dogma of ABO and opened a new era of molecular genetics. We identified four amino acid substitutions between AT and BT and inactivating mutations in the O alleles, clarifying the allelic basis of ABO. We became the first to achieve successful ABO genotyping, discriminating between AA and AO genotypes and between BB and BO, which was impossible using immunohematological/serological methods. We also identified mutations in several subgroup alleles and also in the cis-AB and B(A) alleles that specify the expression of the A and B antigens by single alleles. Later, other scientists interested in the ABO system characterized many additional ABO alleles. However, the situation has changed drastically in the last decade, due to rapid advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, which has allowed the sequencing of several thousand genes and even the entire genome in individual experiments. Genome sequencing has revealed not only the exome but also transcription/translation regulatory elements. RNA sequencing determines which genes and spliced transcripts are expressed. Because more than 500,000 human genomes have been sequenced and deposited in sequence databases, bioinformaticians can retrieve and analyze this data without generating it. Now, in this era of genomics, we can harness the vast sequence information to unravel the molecular mechanisms responsible for important biological phenomena associated with the ABO polymorphism. Two examples are presented in this review: the delineation of the ABO gene evolution in a variety of species and the association of single nucleotide variant (SNV) sites in the ABO gene with diseases and biological parameters through genome-wide association studies (GWAS).Copyright © Annals of Blood. All rights reserved.

Results of screening examination of employees of a medical hospital for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2

While providing medical care to patients with a new coronavirus infection, medical workers are at risk of developing COVID-19 significantly more often than the general population. In addition to morbidity risks, an important question is the duration of the immune response to COVID-19. The aim of our study is to assess the incidence of COVID-19 and the duration of the persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among hospital medical staff. Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective non-randomized single-center study, based on the analysis of the laboratory database of the Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 52 (Moscow). The results of the 2160 employees were included into analysis. The inclusion criteria were as follows: at least one result of antibody determination to SARS-CoV-2 in period from June 2020 to January 2021;the date of the last antibody determination to SARS-CoV-2 no earlier than November 1, 2020. Additionally, a group of 100 employees were selected for further investigation of the persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a group of 100 employees was selected, who had a confirmed fact of seroconversion for IgG and the presence of at least three results of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 determination with an interval of at least 4 weeks. Results. According to IgG determination results, by January 2021, 66.6% of all hospital employees have already been ill with COVID-19. The medical staff who worked with patients with COVID-19 been ill with COVID-19 in 78.2% of cases. The share of sick medical personnel who did not work with this group of patients was 55.3%. The first termination of antibodies persistence to SARS-CoV-2 from employees was marked from 3-4 months of observation. After 7-9 months, 23% of the observed group became seronegative. Odds ratio for the risk of COVID-19 for medical staff, who worked with COVID-19 patients was 2.89 (95% CI 2.34-3.56) to other medical staff and 3.6 (95% CI 2.82-4.59) to non-medical staff. Conclusion. The incidence of COVID-19 and the risk of infection among medical workers is significantly higher than among the general population, which dictates the need of further improvement of COVID-19 prevention measures among medical workers.Copyright © 2022 by the authors.

Structure of Adverse Events Following Immunisation against Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in the Kyrgyz Republic.

There is considerable interest worldwide in developing safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19. Pharmacovigilance of adverse events following immunisation (AEFIs) is a key to making informed decisions regarding the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign. In the Kyrgyz Republic, there have been developed a national immunisation information system (IIS) for automated recording of vaccines, vaccinated persons, and AEFIs and a mobile application for AEFI reporting, called Den Sooluk. The aim of the study was to analyse the pattern of AEFIs against COVID-19 in the Kyrgyz Republic. Material(s) and Method(s): the study analysed the spontaneous safety reports submitted to the national IIS database through the Den Sooluk mobile application from 29.03.2021 to 25.09.2022. Result(s): according to the data available by 25.09.2022, the total number of vaccinated people in the country amounted to 2,940,082. At the time, the IIS database included 2111 AEFIs: 1 fatal (and coincidental), 3 severe and 2108 minor ones. AEFIs were more frequent in the young and middle-aged population (81.5%), than in the elderly (18.5%). The following AEFIs were reported: injection site pain (21.25%), fatigue (20.7%), headache (19.8%), body temperature above 38 C (10.10%), miscellaneous symptoms (5.12%), chills (4.41%), dizziness (4.32%), sore throat (3.36%), myalgia (2.9%), and nausea (2.2%). Conclusion(s): all COVID-19 vaccines used in the Kyrgyz Republic can be considered adequately safe. Pharmacovigilance of AEFIs is an integral part of the requirements to ensure the safe use of vaccines, and collecting of spontaneous reports on AEFIs supports adequate functioning of the post-marketing surveillance system. It is essential to provide access to electronic information platforms to health professionals and patients in order to ensure vaccination transparency and coordination and enable quick and safe reporting of AEFIs associated with the use of COVID-19 vaccines.Copyright © NEICON ISP LLC. All rights reserved.

Some key aspects of telemedicine development to support human illness: a systematic review

The aim of this research is to describe the use of telemedicine applied to patients characterised by a particular state of illness, which often drives them toward a frail and chronic status, in a systematic manner. This work employed the Tranfield approach to carry out a systematic literature review (SLR), in order to provide an efficient and high-quality method for identifying and evaluating extensive studies. The methodology was pursued step by step, analysing keywords, topics, journal quality to arrive at a set of relevant open access papers that was analysed in detail. The same papers were compared to each other and then, they were categorised according to significant metrics, also evaluating technologies and methods employed. Through our systematic review we found that most of the patients involved in telemedicine programs agreed with this service model and the clinical results appeared encouraging. Findings suggested that telemedicine services were appreciated by patients, they increased the access to care and could be a better way to face emergencies and pandemics, lowering overall costs and promoting social inclusion.Copyright © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among workers of Instituto Nacional de Salud del Nino, Peru, April 2020 to March 2021.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among workers of Instituto Nacional de Salud del Nino (INSN) from April 2020 to March 2021. Material(s) and Method(s): A non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 608 workers who tested positive for COVID-19 using a rapid antigen test. The COVID-19 clinical-epidemiological research sheets prepared by the Ministry of Health of Peru and self-administered by the workers were reviewed. The INSN Department of Epidemiology staff verified the completion of the sheets. The data was entered into a database, which was used for the respective statistical analysis. The study was approved by the INSN Institutional Research Ethics Committee (registration code: PI-17/21). Result(s): COVID-19 prevalence among INSN workers was 7.24 % from April 2020 to March 2021. Out of the workers with COVID-19, 71.4 % were women;83.4 % were in the 30 to 59 age range with an average age of 44.71 years;65.6 % were healthcare workers, most of whom were nursing technicians;and 56.9 % experienced symptoms, mainly fever/chills (12.2 %), cough (8.9 %), malaise (7.7 %), sore throat (6.7 %), stuffy nose (2.5 %) and headache (1.3 %). Most workers lived in Lima Centro districts (33.2 %). A significant association between sex, age groups, worker type and worker profile was found. Conclusion(s): COVID-19 prevalence among INSN workers was 7.24 %;the most frequent characteristics, which showed significant differences with the rest of the factors, were being a woman, healthcare worker and nursing technician. A total of 56.9 % of the workers experienced symptoms, only 20.9 % developed clinical signs and 10.9 % had comorbidities.Copyright © La revista. Publicado por la Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Peru.

Cardiovascular risk among patients recovered from COVID-19 in the short and medium term: what does the current evidence conclude?.

Cardiovascular risk and diseases among patients recovered from COVID-19 is a recent field of study in the world medical literature and is also of vital importance because a large number of patients develop complications once the acute phase of the disease is over. The broad spectrum of myocardial injury in cardiovascular diseases can range from the asymptomatic elevation of cardiac troponin levels to the development of fulminant myocarditis and/or circulatory shock, which can leave significant sequelae. Despite the fact that there is no clear strategy to treat cardiac events that occur during COVID-19 infection and taking into account that treatment is mainly aimed at relieving patients' symptoms as they arise, the objective of this work was to find out and collect current evidence on this subject, so that readers can be offered a reference guide in Spanish that contributes to the development of their health profession. The methodology used was a literature search in databases including Medline, Scopus and ScienceDirect within a time window between 2019 and 2022. The main results revealed that the molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in post-COVID-19 syndrome include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system since SARS-CoV-2 tropism is linked to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. This causes an alteration of the neurohumoral response of the cardiovascular, renal and digestive systems, generating deficits in the signaling pathways and causing direct damage to the heart, lungs and other organs. Post-COVID-19 syndrome, in general, is defined as the occurrence or persistence of symptoms three or four weeks after the acute phase of the disease. This could then be considered as a time window of risk and strict follow-up to assess in a personalized way the risk among the different groups of patients, especially those with a past history of cardiovascular disease. The main results revealed disorders such as heart failure, arrhythmias, pericarditis and myocarditis, which require early detection and occur days or even weeks after the acute phase of COVID-19.Copyright © La revista. Publicado por la Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Peru.

Success both in rescue and scientific research: comparison of medical papers published by Chinese in two epidemics. TT -:.

Facing the unprecedented epidemic situation of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), medical workers in China have not only successfully controlled the spread of the epidemic in Chinese mainland in just 4 months, but also have made great achievements in scientific research on COVID-19. In the past 4 months, a total of 1 033 English papers about COVID-19 written by Chinese scholars have been published and included in PubMed database, which is 6.6 times the number of articles published in 2003. The proportion of papers published by authors in Chinese mainland has increased from 48.7% (76/156) during the SARS epidemic in 2003 to 84.8% (876/1 033) with 4 months in 2020. The papers were also published significantly earlier than before. Chinese researchers identified the novel coronavirus that caused the outbreak less than 1 month after the COVID-19 outbreak (on January 7, 2020) and reported it to the WHO. They also published articles on the genetic sequence and transmission dynamics of the virus and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients in that month. China pays more attention to drug safety of patients. The proportion of English and Chinese literature published by pharmaceutical authors increased from 0 and 0.2% (10/4 023) in 2003 to 2.3% (24/1 032) and 9.3% (215/2 317) from January to April in 2020, respectively. China has not only become a model for the world in epidemic control, but also made important contributions to the relevant academic research.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.

Development of Secure Electronic Cybercrime Cases Database System for the Judiciary

The recent covid-19 pandemic created a barrier to every activity that needed physical interaction and involvement, especially in the judiciary. Careful research of some courts in Nigeria shown that case records are still been manually processed and stored and some courts operate a semi-digital and semi-manual processing pattern, which also has its own shortcoming of preprocessing manual records and converting them into digital records and physical presence is required to access court records. This research develops a secure electronic Cybercrime Cases Database System (eCCDBS), for prosecuted cybercrime in the judicial service in Nigeria. The system will provide an efficient method for collecting, retrieving, preserving, and management of court case records. The Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology is used for the system development, because of its speed and time friendliness and can be easily restructured to meet the client's requirement at any point in time during the development life span. RAD can also present a prototype of the final system software to the client. Access control mechanism and secure password hashing were used to ensure the security of the system. The system was implemented and evaluated through deployment and found to have functioned according to the specification. The application subunits of records' creation, submission, modification, deletion, retrieval, and storage functioned effectively. Hence this system provides a secure online repository specifically for cybercrime case records that have elements of confidentiality, integrity and availability.

Patient-centric soulbound NFT framework for electronic health record (EHR)

Interest in leveraging blockchain technology to boost healthcare and e-health solutions has lately increased. Blockchain has proven to have enormous promise in a range of e-health industries because of its decentralized and reliable nature, including the secure exchange of electronic health records (EHRs) and database access management among numerous medical entities. A unique paradigm known as the "patient-centric approach” places the patient at the center of the healthcare system and gives them complete control over who has access to and can share their personal health information. Strong confidentiality and safety requirements are necessary for health information. Additionally, other concerns must be resolved, such as secrecy, interoperability, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and timeliness. This paper offers a patient-centric privacy-preserving framework for an efficient and safe medical record to address these problems. Based on three parameters transaction cost, execution time, and gas cost. Three blockchain platforms are compared by using the smart contract to find out the suitable platform for the implementation of this framework. Blockchain platforms served as a benchmark for the performance assessment of a designed framework. Although blockchain will not fix every issue in healthcare organizations, it will undoubtedly assist in dramatically reducing some of the most critical ones.

Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines.

By June 1, 2022, there were 38 prophylactic COVID-19 vaccines approved in 197 countries around the world. The ongoing approval of new vaccines and the accumulation of more than a year's worth of data on their use give particular importance to the consolidation and analysis of information on the safety of such vaccines. The aim of study was to analyse the information on adverse events after immunisation (AEFIs) with coronavirus vaccines in the individual case safety reports entered into the VigiBase database by June 1, 2022. Material(s) and Method(s): the author analysed safety reports retrieved from VigiBase through the VigiLyze interface in the expert access mode. The search was carried out using the generic keyword "Covid-19 vaccine" in combination with the trade names of all 38 coronavirus vaccines. Result(s): the article presents consolidated information on the number and content of the safety reports on COVID-19 vaccines. The author noted that the reports were characterised by a high level of information completeness and quality, which could be due to the fact that the main reporters were the countries with developed pharmacovigilance systems. The analysis of patient complaints showed that the reported symptoms of AEFIs coincided with the manifestations of side effects of the vaccines included in the package leaflets. The author carried out a review of the cases of serious AEFIs and the cases of adverse events of special interest requiring additional monitoring after immunisation. It revealed a positive correlation of individual vaccines with the cases of somnolence in post-COVID-19 patients. Conclusion(s): the data obtained on the global safety of coronavirus vaccines may be of practical interest to doctors, researchers, developers, and healthcare regulators.Copyright © 2023 Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. All rights reserved.

Risk signals mining of ribavirin and interferon-alpha based on the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database.

Objective: To identify which induced the symptoms/signs and laboratory abnormal findings occurred in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia, by disease itself or by ribavirin and interferon-alpha treatments, through mining the adverse events (AEs) signals of the 2 antivirus agents. Method(s): According to the symptoms/signs and laboratory abnormal findings of novel coronavirus pneumonia mentioned in the literature and "Diagnosis and Treatment scheme of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (trial version 5)", AEs in this study were selected. Related data were collected from the U.S. FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FARES) from Jan 1, 2004 to Dec 31, 2019, and the reporting odds ratio (ROR) method was used for signals detection for the above-mentioned 2 drugs. Result(s): A total of 7 582 463 AEs related to drugs were reported in the FAERS database, of which 31 775 related to ribavirin and 2 345 related to interferon-alpha. The results showed that AEs related to ribavirin in respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders were nasal congestion, cough, laryngeal pain, pharyngeal oedema, productive cough, and dyspnoea;AEs related to interferon-alpha were laryngeal pain and haemoptysis. In other system organ class, AEs related to above 2 drugs were pyrexia, feeling cold, pyrexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and rash. AEs of laboratory abnormal results related to ribavirin were white blood cell/platelet count decrease and aspartate/alanine aminotransferase increase;AEs related to interferon-alpha were white blood cell/platelet count decrease, aspartate/alanine aminotransferase increase, and lymphocyte count decrease. Conclusion(s): Some AEs induced by ribavirin and interferon-alpha were similar to symptoms/signs and laboratory abnormal findings of novel coronavirus pneumonia, which should be distinguished in the clinical practice.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.

A decision support system for selecting the most suitable machine learning in healthcare using user parameters and requirements

The application of machine learning in the medical field is still limited. The main reason behind the lack of use is the unavailability of an easy-to-use machine learning system that targets non-technical users. The objective of this paper is to propose an automated machine learning system to aid non-technical users. The proposed system provides the user with simple choices to provide suggestions to the system. The system uses the combination of the user's choices and performance evaluation to select the most suited model from available options. In this study, we employed the system on a Parkinson's disease dataset. The templates for support vector machine and random forest algorithms are provided to the system. Support vector machines and random forests were able to produce 80% and 75% accuracy, respectively. The system used performance parameters of the system and user choices to select the most suited models for each test case. The support vector machine was selected as the most suited model in three test cases, while random forest was selected as the most suited for one test case. The test cases also showed that the weighted time parameter impacted the results heavily.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s)

Approaches to Assessing the Safety of Medicines during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using the Example of Azithromycin.

Most of the medicines used to treat the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) are either approved under an accelerated procedure or not approved for the indication. Consequently, their safety requires special attention. The aim of the study was to review methodological approaches to collecting data on the safety of medicines, using COVID-19 treatment regimens involving azithromycin as a case study. Material(s) and Method(s): PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, eLIBRARY, and Cyberleninka databases were searched for publications on azithromycin as part of combination therapy for COVID-19 in 2020-2021. Search queries included names of the medicinal product or its pharmacotherapeutic group and words describing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) during treatment. Result(s): the analysis included 7 publications presenting the results of studies covering the use of azithromycin as part of COVID-19 combination therapy in more than 4000 patients. Most commonly, the patients receiving COVID-19 therapy including azithromycin developed cardiovascular ADRs (up to 30% of azithromycin prescription cases). In 3 of the analysed publications, safety information was collected through spontaneous reporting and active identification based on the findings of laboratory and instrumental investigations performed during the clinical studies;in other 3, only spontaneous reports were used;and in the last one, ADR database information was studied. Conclusion(s): currently, information on ADRs associated with the use of medicines is mainly gathered via spontaneous reporting. Direct sourcing of information on personal experiences with a certain product from patients, among other means through social media analysis, opens a promising direction towards the improvement of existing approaches to collecting safety data.Copyright © 2022 Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. All rights reserved.

Application of Machine Learning in the Fight against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

Introduction: Machine learning (ML) plays a significant role in the fight against the COVID-19 (officially known as SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. ML techniques enable the rapid detection of patterns and trends in large datasets. Therefore, ML provides efficient methods to generate knowledge from structured and unstructured data. This potential is particularly significant when the pandemic affects all aspects of human life. It is necessary to collect a large amount of data to identify methods to prevent the spread of infection, early detection, reduction of consequences, and finding appropriate medicine. Modern information and communication technologies (ICT) such as the Internet of Things (IoT) allow the collection of large amounts of data from various sources. Thus, we can create predictive ML-based models for assessments, predictions, and decisions. Method(s): This is a review article based on previous studies and scientifically proven knowledge. In this paper, bibliometric data from authoritative databases of research publications (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) are combined for bibliometric analyses in the context of ML applications for COVID-19. Aim(s): This paper reviews some ML-based applications used for mitigating COVID-19. We aimed to identify and review ML potentials and solutions for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic as well as to present some of the most commonly used ML techniques, algorithms, and datasets applied in the context of COVID-19. Also, we provided some insights into specific emerging ideas and open issues to facilitate future research. Conclusion(s): ML is an effective tool for diagnosing and early detection of symptoms, predicting the spread of a pandemic, developing medicines and vaccines, etc.Copyright © 2022 Sciendo. All rights reserved.

Judicial protection of the right to health in the context of Covid-19 and populism in Brazil

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic has brought new challenges to the health systems of Latin America. However, the institutions and mechanisms created by the Social State of Law were unable to confront these new risks. As a result of that, populist governments have used this crisis as an opportunity to deepen the high levels of inequalities through the appropriation of power, wealth and social welfare. Courts have also reacted in order to guarantee the right to health;however, many challenges remain. Objective: To examine the challenges and opportunities of the judicial protection of the right to health in the context of Covid-19 and Populism in Brazil. Methodology: Qualitative, descriptive and exploratory. Documentary research was carried out by reviewing databases such as Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Indexed articles, jurisprudence, legislation, and literature were also reviewed. Additional publications were also identified through other sources. Results: There is an inversely proportional relationship between the intensity of the crisis and the level of judicial activism on the part of the Courts. Therefore, the more the scale and intensity of the crisis generated by populist governments in the context of pandemics, uncertainty, and inequality the more reflexive, and strategic courts should be and the more protection, defense and monitoring should be promoted in order to ensure the fulfilment of the right to the highest attainable level of health especially of the most vulnerable. On the other hand, the more compliance through the availability of health goods and services, and the more availability of health workers with better salaries, social security and working conditions the more resilient the State will be to face emergencies, which at the same time will promote fewer restrictions on fundamental rights. Conclusions: Courts play a special role in protecting the right to health, especially in the context of emergencies and crises. States must adopt measures by using the maximum available resources in order to protect the right to the highest attainable standard of health.

Virology, clinical features and diagnosis of covid 19: Review analysis

COVID-19 requires unprecedented mobilization of the health systems to prevent the rapid spread of this unique virus, which spreads via respiratory droplet and causes respiratory disease. There is an urgent need for an accurate and rapid test method to quickly identify many infected patients and asymptomatic carriers to prevent virus transmission and assure timely treatment of the patients. This article aims as an outcome of review of the evidence on viral load and its virulence of SARS-CoV2,so that it will help in further understanding the fact useful for investigating and managing the COVID-19 cases. A search of available evidence was conducted in pub-med "COVID-19 viral load and virulence" and its associated characters world-wide and Google Scholar to capture the most recently published articles. The WHO and Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) database of publications on novel coronavirus were also screened for relevant publications. s of 55 articles were screened by two authors and 15 were included in this study based on the inclusion criteria. SARS-coV2, the causative agent of COVID-19 falls under the coronavirus family but it has higher infectivity compared to SARS and MERS with higher reproduction numbers(Ro). Virulence has been found to be different throughout the world,however lower compared to SARS and MERS,till date. The most common clinical features have been found to be cough and fever. RT - PCR remains the most sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 although it is time consuming, costly and requires highly skilled human resources. Hence, newer modalities like RT-LAMP can be alternative for point of care diagnosis as this is both cost effective and requires less skilled human resources. Despite recent advances in disease diagnosis and treatment outcomes using latest technological advances in molecular biology, the global pandemic COVID-19 remains a major headache for governments across the world due to limited testing capacity and lack of appropriate treatment and vaccine. Copyright © 2020, Kathmandu University. All rights reserved.

Importance of the communication of university teachers in Peru, in virtual education: Systematic review

The article is framed in the category of systematic review, responds to the review, analysis, and bibliographic selection of existing articles of the last 10 years, linked to the importance of university teacher communication in virtual education. It aims to describe the importance of university teacher communication in the teaching-learning process within virtual educational practice. He belongs to the research line of pedagogical innovation, is descriptively and methodologically has followed the guidelines of the flow of systematic review of the scientific literature, making use of the prism method, review table of articles, table of s, statistical graphs of the reviewed scientific literature, analysis of the results, discussion, and conclusions of the reviewed literature.The results of the 23 selected articles make visible the position of different writers regarding the communication of the university professor, virtual education, the link between both criteria and certain characteristics;the literature reflects a lack of articles that delimit the impact of the communicative strategies used in the virtual education process. However, relevant information was found regarding the importance of communication and communication skills of teachers in their educational practice and in the process of training future professionals. Copyright © 2022, Venezuelan Society of Pharmacology and Clinical and Therapeutic Pharmacology. All rights reserved.